The Two Eras that Made the Supreme Court the most Influential

The Marshall Court and the Rehnquist Court are the two eras that made the Supreme Court the most influential. The Marshall Court in 1801 to 1835 helped create the foundation for the United States constitutional law, which contributing to making the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government. The Rehnquist Court in 1986 to 2005 favored a concept of federalism that played a vital role on the Tenth Amendment’s reservation of powers to the states. Under Rehnquist point of view of federalism, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down an act of congress as overpowering under the commerce clause. These two courts brought the Supreme Court of the United States to an entire new level that brought change to the†¦show more content†¦Because Jefferson was highly upset with Marshall position’s on the Constitution not giving judicial review to the Supreme Court, Jefferson wanted the President to decide if the acts were constitutional or not. Therefore, John Marshall expressed a new theory to the American tradition and legal system that government was under law. Meaning that the â€Å"judicial review means a government in which no person (not even the President) and no institution (not even Congress or the Supreme Court itself), nor even a majority of voters, may freely work their will in violation of the written Constitution†. Since then John Marshall has not declared a law of Congress or an act of the president unconstitutional. Barron v. Baltimore started in 1833. It was the Supreme Court decision that the Bill of Rights were restraining the national government. In the Supreme Court John Marshall declared that Mr. Barron did not have a claim against the stated because the Bill of Rights does not apply to the states. The Supreme Court emphasized that the Constitution was intened to serve for the people of the United States. Marshall wanted it to apply only to the US government that was created by the Constitution, and not for the individual state’s government. Therefore, the states had filed constitutions that would only apply to them, which limited the power of the state government. Thusly, they interpreted the Fifth Amendment as limiting the power of the general government in which did not apply to theShow MoreRelatedThe Supreme Court s Marbury V. Madison Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1803, the Supreme Court’s Marbury v. Madison decision would forever alter the political framework of the United States. Resulting in the creation of judicial review—the power to determine if a piece of legislation is constitutional, that is, whether or not it infringes on the provisions of existing law —the Marbury v. Madison decision arguably made the judicial branch the most powerful division of the federal government. Today, judicial review is a fundamental part of American government, standingRead MoreHow The Constitution Should Be Interpreted? What Effect Does Their Powerful Decisions Have On America?1345 Words   |  6 PagesQ: What is the role of the Roberts Court in light of current conditions in the 21st century in deciding how the Constitution should be interpreted? What effect does their powerful decisions have on America? T: What role the court chooses for itself in the unfolding of history is sometimes more important than the facts of the particular case at hand. Their power is so great and influential in nearly every major issue of our time that any way they fall on an important decision directly influencesRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pages1908 in eastern, rural Arkansas. He attended  Henderson-Brown College, in  Arkadelphia, Arkansas for two years. He then transferred to  Emory University  in  Atlanta,  Georgia in which his uncle was dean of students and a sociology professor. After Woodward graduated from Emory university, he became an English professor at Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia teach) and taught English composition for two years. In 1931, Woodward enrolled into graduate school at Columbiana university. He received a Master’sRead MoreCharacter Traits Of Franklin Roosevelt1184 Words   |  5 PagesFranklin Roosevelt became one of the most successful presidents in U.S. history due to the three character traits of optimism, perseverance, and leadership. Roosevelts optimistic attitude gave Americans hope to keep fighting through the Great Depression and World War Two, were most Americans were ready to give up. Jean Smith presents this idea when he quotes Roosevelt in his Presidential Biography FDR writing, â€Å"This great Nation will endure as it has endured will revive and will prosper. So, firstRead MoreSlavery and the U.S. government1268 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough Congress or through the Supreme Court, and in these two areas, tensions also rose and people began to take sides. Some of the three biggest names in the government at this time were, Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and Daniel Webster; and all three of these men had ties in the issues and debates that were plaguing the government at the time. Many people stated that these three men collectively had a far greater impact in Congress than any president in that era, excluding Andrew Jackson (ushistoryRead MoreThe Aftermath Of World War II1627 Words   |  7 Pagesdespite of their success in the feminist movements, it was all due to their personal struggle and hard work. The feminist movement has changed women s status in the history of our society socially, politically, and economically (Napikoski). The changes made, influenced the society in positive and negative outcomes. Traditionally, women are stereotyped as being committed to only on doing household works but in our society today, they play significant roles not only at home but also in workplaces such asRead MoreThe Dred Scott V. Sanford Case1670 Words   |  7 PagesThe Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States of America. With this title they have the final say about the decisions for the country. However the Supreme Court can make mistakes and have so before. The case considered the worst Supreme Court decision among many scholars is the Dred Scott V. Sanford case from the pre-civil war era. In which time slavery was a very hot topic between the states. In this case it was determined that a slave was not only not a citizen of the United StatesRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesat  Johns Hopkins University. He made the achievement of becoming Sterling Professor of History at  Yale  University from 1961 to 1977. Woodward s most influential work is  The Strange Career of Jim Crow  which was published in 1955. In the book, he explained how segregation was not inevitable. In the 1960s, Dr.  Martin Luther King, Jr.  claimed the book to be the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement (Dr. Fallin, class lecture, n.a date). His second most influential work is  Origins of the New SouthRead MoreThe United States Of America1490 Words   |  6 Pages an â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† promoted national unity and Marshall’s supreme court decided many cases that promoted power of the national government over the states. The Monroe Doctrine told European powers that they must not interfere with events in the Western Hemisphere, and the creation of the national bank also took place during this time. However, while all of this went on, tensions were constantly rising over what was possibly the biggest and most important, and politically influential controversyRead More Separation O f Church And State Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesJapan in World War II. These two countries main objective was to enslave the world and destroy political, religious, and economic freedom. In Germany or Japan, anyone who disagreed with these goals, or was different was destroyed. This was a common practice in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, at the same time of its emergence as a world power, the United States began to slip into a form of judicial fascism. This slide began when the U.S. Supreme Court began to abandon the religious

General Principles Of A Leader - 1298 Words

There can never be a step-by-step guide for how to be a leader. The world is so varied and the situations that call for leadership so wide-ranging that one approach can never work in all cases. This means that a leader must be able to adjust his or her approach based on the circumstances. However, despite the lack of a universal â€Å"right way† to be a leader, there are general principles of leadership that have broad applicability and will make a leader more successful in any situation. The most important of these principles are for the leader to understand the domain, respect people, and set and maintain focus even in the face of obstacles. One quality that makes a leader effective understanding of domain. A domain is the context in which†¦show more content†¦A good Facility Manager should also understand what the collected data means and what it conveys to others who will look at it. To reach this level of understanding the leader must always be learning. He or she must make a habit of knowing about everything and its context. The small, the big, and the merely tangential things that affect every aspect of the domain must be areas of study for a good leader. This is an example of systems thinking as described by Daft (2015, p. 144). At the Facility Manager level, this field of inquiry might range from understanding how a custodian cleans a particular building, to what the new NPS policy regarding Recreation Fee projects means, to what the political implications of closing a particular facility are. A superb Facility Manager will understand how all of the divisions of their park operate and the outward rippling implications of the actions and decisions of each. It is an impossible task for any leader to have all of this knowledge all of the time. As a result, just as important as â€Å"knowing† is knowing when one does not know. A good leader is always able to admit a lack of expertise, will know where to go for the answer, and will not hesitate to go there and get it. Admitting lack of understanding is the first step on the road to full comprehension and a good leader will not claim more knowledge than he or she possesses. Even if it were possible to know everything about his or her domain, doing so would not be enough by

Records Management Free Essays

Both ministry of Education and school generates information on a daily business that plays a role in the daily operation of an institute that are referred to as records. This information generated is also use for projecting and planning purposes. (Managing records at school level). We will write a custom essay sample on Records Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Managing and organization student’s records into a cohesive and efficient might seem like an impossible task, but it depends how much effort is placed in it, that makes it possible. School that properly manages their records meets its legislation responsibilities, aids its administrative processes and ensures that records are stored when needed and destroyed when permissible. As a result, all schools should have records management system in place. Having already note that records are information, there are ten categories of information. Firstly, Action information which would be files that requires immediate response. In an institution, this information would be letters and request transfers. More than likely, action information is one that will benefit the institution so it should be brought to attention very quickly. Therefore, it is normally requested that action information be marked with an urgent sticker. Non- Action information is another category of information. Unlike Action information, Non-Action information is the type that does not require immediate action, but they do require an action. For example, if a new Minister of Education was assigned, then the school receives a letter of this action, there is no need for it to have an immediate response. It is important to note that non-action information is no less important than any other information. Therefore due to protocol and respect, it should be acknowledged. The third category of information is reoccurring information which can be described as data which is based on activities or event that reoccur in intervals. Examples of reoccurring information would be student’s attendance, accounting, assessment results and inventories. On the other hand, another category of information is non-reoccurring which refers to matters that may not recur on a regular basis during the life span of an organization. The fifth category of information is internal information that is generated within the organization. The purpose of internal communication is to enhance communication amongst colleagues so that work can be produce, managed and handle with confidentiality. When a school holds a meeting, this information may use for the bettering of the school. For example, letters from the head of the department to all staff concerning who should and should not be accepted in class for safety purposes. The complete opposite category of information which will be external will be for the use of outside communication. Next, Historical information is data that relates to past events and activities and is usually non action information. Also, future information is data that concern with events to come or take place. The two final categories of information are documented information that refers to information entered onto permanent records and non-documented information which is oral. Records are the evidence of what an organization does externally and internally. (ARMA 1) According to research records can also be defined as a documented proof of a transaction or activity. This may include business activities, contracts negotiations, and business and personnel file. Records are categorized into four categories. Firstly, the most important records which are classified as vital records includes will include a deed for property, contract sales, or budgets of the organization. Next, important records management will include board meeting minutes, financial and operating reports. Third, Useful Records can include product change letter and the least important type of records which is classified as non-essential will include memos like birthday parties and department newsletter. In addition to that, records come in many formats which comprises of physical paper, electronic, media and various databases. Not having a proper system to manage records of a company, business or institution can have a vast on its production. As a result, the world has been modernized with what is known as records management. Records Management can be defined as a systematic control of records throughout their lifestyle. (ARMA 1). The ISO 15489 also described records management as â€Å"the field of management that is responsible for the efficient and systematic control of the creation, receipt, maintenance, use and disposition or records, including process for capturing and maintaining evidence of and information about business activities and transaction in the orm of records. † (ISO 15489). Records Management includes setting policies and standards, assigning responsibilities and authorities, and integrating records management into business systems and processes. Records management in general plays an important role because records are information and assets that holds value for organization. Organization and institutions alike are given a responsibility to manage records to maximize profits, control cost, provide confidentiality, teach effective, and learn efficiently. At the end of the day, effective records management is required to ensure that information needed is retrievable, authentic and accurate. Just like all other business, companies and organization learning institutions are one of the most needed places for a proper and effective management system because they have task of teaching and providing a learning institutions. School records are reproductions of written records than relates to the school itself or students of the institution and they are records that should be kept under strict confidentiality. School records comprises of registers, school’s budget, students medical files, test scores and other valuable data about Administrators, teachers and students that are a part of the day to day running. Some benefits of an effective management are records are more easily identified and protected. An effective management improves storage and retrieval system as well. Next an effective records management increases productivity within the organization and it reduces cost for equipment, space and personnel’s. In the educational facilities specifically, an effective records management can first of all help save lives. Taking a look at the United States for example in a journal article that states evidence is mounting that food allergy and anaphylaxis have been increasing in school age children. It also stated that 16 % of these children have a reaction in school. It has been proven that an allergic reaction can sometimes result in death. If a record of these students health is kept, the school can be alert. Also, if so many children are starting to have this allergic reaction and the statistics continue growing, vendors can be asked to stop providing it. School records can also assist in taking caution with one education. If on a regular basis a child is evaluated for what seem to be a disorder or down syndromes, this child can be given the treatment he or she need to learn effectively. In addition to that, it is also important to manage school records effectively because the majority of the times, school records serve as the historical source. In order words, school records tell the history of the school. School records also supply information needed for outside communication such as school districts or Ministry of Education to process the planning and decision making by heads to facilitate school, staffs and students. Last but least, school records facilitates continuity in the administration of the school which can all be labeled as managing records from an administrative perspective. Though administrators keep more vital records, teachers and staff must also keep records to result in an effective, efficient and productive classroom. Teachers should keep record of parent’s communication, attendance, behavior and students portfolio. If a teacher don’t plan purposes and set up a system that will easier track grades and other important data, retrieving the information when needed will not be easy. Accurate records don’t happen unless they are properly recorded, files, stored, transfer and retrieved. In a classroom to manage records a teacher need three things. This includes a grade book, an attendance log, a student portfolio and a time management plan folder. Good and accurate records management shows when a teacher classes are faring and progress can be seen in children individual progress. Take for example, a record recording a student’s behaving that is evaluated and then sent down to the councilor. The councilor would deal with the matter and progress can be seen in the child’s behavior which will then show in their academic performance. Accurate and good records management in the classroom also makes the pupils aware of the teacher’s productivity and expectations. For example, children will be less likely to accuse the teacher of losing their work, because they witness good records management. Another positive trait of good records management from a teachers aspect is ensuring security for the child which is done by taking a classroom register. This will asses whether the child is attending school regularly and is sometimes used to keep track on compulsory education. In situations like this, a child parent can be called in or forwarded to The police department or social sevices if a child often misses school. Maintaining records is tiring and very time consuming, yet teachers are always left with this burden. Taking note of the vast amount of paperwork they have to deal with, it is sometimes relevant for them to create a simple filing system, to store and make retrieval of valuable document less difficult. There are three mean types of filing sytem use. They are alphacbetic , numerical and subject filing. According to research â€Å"the key element in making records management filing rules effective are consistency and documentation. † (ARMA Records management Quarterly 1) Consistency means rules stay the same from day to day and person to person. When different people use the same records but under different rules or procedures, consistency is said to be evaluated. How to cite Records Management, Essay examples